In applications such as social, energy, transportation, sensor, and neuronal networks, high-dimensional data naturally reside on the vertices of weighted graphs. The emerging field of signal processing on graphs merges algebraic and spectral graph theoretic concepts with computational harmonic analysis to process such signals on graphs. In this tutorial overview, we outline the main challenges of the area, discuss different ways to define graph spectral domains, which are the analogues to the classical frequency domain, and highlight the importance of incorporating the irregular structures of graph data domains when processing signals on graphs. We then review methods to generalize fundamental operations such as filtering, translation, modulation, dilation, and downsampling to the graph setting, and survey the localized, multiscale transforms that have been proposed to efficiently extract information from high-dimensional data on graphs. We conclude with a brief discussion of open issues and possible extensions.

人类在整个生命周期中不断学习，通过积累多样化的知识并为未来的任务进行微调。当出现类似目标时，神经网络会遭受灾难性忘记，在学习过程中跨顺序任务跨好任务的数据分布是否不固定。解决此类持续学习（CL）问题的有效方法是使用超网络为目标网络生成任务依赖权重。但是，现有基于超网的方法的持续学习性能受到整个层之间权重的独立性的假设，以维持参数效率。为了解决这一限制，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，该方法使用依赖关系保留超网络来为目标网络生成权重，同时还保持参数效率。我们建议使用基于复发的神经网络（RNN）的超网络，该网络可以有效地生成层权重，同时允许在它们的依赖关系中。此外，我们为基于RNN的超网络提出了新颖的正则化和网络增长技术，以进一步提高持续的学习绩效。为了证明所提出的方法的有效性，我们对几个图像分类持续学习任务和设置进行了实验。我们发现，基于RNN HyperNetworks的建议方法在所有这些CL设置和任务中都优于基准。

人们最近开始通过社交网站上用户生成的多媒体材料来传达自己的思想和观点。此信息可以是图像，文本，视频或音频。近年来，这种模式的发生频率有所增加。 Twitter是最广泛使用的社交媒体网站之一，它也是最好的地点之一，可以使人们对与蒙基波疾病有关的事件有一种了解。这是因为Twitter上的推文被缩短并经常更新，这两者都促成了平台的角色。这项研究的基本目标是对人们对这种情况的存在的各种反应进行更深入的理解。这项研究重点是找出个人对猴蛋白酶疾病的看法，该疾病介绍了基于CNN和LSTM的混合技术。我们已经考虑了用户推文的所有三个可能的极性：正，负和中立。使用CNN和LSTM构建的架构来确定预测模型的准确性。推荐模型的准确性在Monkeypox Tweet数据集上为94％。其他性能指标（例如准确性，召回和F1得分）也用于测试我们的模型和最大程度和资源有效的方式。然后将发现与更传统的机器学习方法进行比较。这项研究的发现有助于提高对普通人群中蒙基托感染的认识。

在这项研究中，我们研究了中枢神经系统（CNS）如何在个人在虚拟现实（VR）环境中执行复杂的捕捉任务时如何组织姿势控制协同作用。机器人直立的立式培训师（健壮）平台，包括表面肌电图和运动学，用于研究中枢神经系统微型姿势协同作用，具有扰动和辅助的力场。招募了一个没有辅助力的对照组，以阐明力场在扰动后以及VR达到任务期间对运动性能和姿势协同组织的影响。我们发现，辅助力量的应用显着改善了达到和平衡控制。接收辅助力的小组显示出四个姿势控制协同作用，其特征是较高的复杂性（即涉及更多肌肉）。但是，控制受试者显示了八种协同作用，这些协同作用减少了肌肉的数量。总之，辅助力减少了姿势协同的数量，同时增加了肌肉模块组成的复杂性。

当真实数据有限，收集昂贵或由于隐私问题而无法使用时，合成表格数据生成至关重要。但是，生成高质量的合成数据具有挑战性。已经提出了几种基于概率，统计和生成的对抗网络（GAN）方法，用于合成表格数据生成。一旦生成，评估合成数据的质量就非常具有挑战性。文献中已经使用了一些传统指标，但缺乏共同，健壮和单一指标。这使得很难正确比较不同合成表格数据生成方法的有效性。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的通用度量，tabsyndex，以对合成数据进行强有力的评估。 TABSYNDEX通过不同的组件分数评估合成数据与实际数据的相似性，这些分量分数评估了“高质量”合成数据所需的特征。作为单个评分度量，TABSYNDEX也可以用来观察和评估基于神经网络的方法的训练。这将有助于获得更早的见解。此外，我们提出了几种基线模型，用于与现有生成模型对拟议评估度量的比较分析。

Designing experiments often requires balancing between learning about the true treatment effects and earning from allocating more samples to the superior treatment. While optimal algorithms for the Multi-Armed Bandit Problem (MABP) provide allocation policies that optimally balance learning and earning, they tend to be computationally expensive. The Gittins Index (GI) is a solution to the MABP that can simultaneously attain optimality and computationally efficiency goals, and it has been recently used in experiments with Bernoulli and Gaussian rewards. For the first time, we present a modification of the GI rule that can be used in experiments with exponentially-distributed rewards. We report its performance in simulated 2- armed and 3-armed experiments. Compared to traditional non-adaptive designs, our novel GI modified design shows operating characteristics comparable in learning (e.g. statistical power) but substantially better in earning (e.g. direct benefits). This illustrates the potential that designs using a GI approach to allocate participants have to improve participant benefits, increase efficiencies, and reduce experimental costs in adaptive multi-armed experiments with exponential rewards.

Modelling and forecasting real-life human behaviour using online social media is an active endeavour of interest in politics, government, academia, and industry. Since its creation in 2006, Twitter has been proposed as a potential laboratory that could be used to gauge and predict social behaviour. During the last decade, the user base of Twitter has been growing and becoming more representative of the general population. Here we analyse this user base in the context of the 2021 Mexican Legislative Election. To do so, we use a dataset of 15 million election-related tweets in the six months preceding election day. We explore different election models that assign political preference to either the ruling parties or the opposition. We find that models using data with geographical attributes determine the results of the election with better precision and accuracy than conventional polling methods. These results demonstrate that analysis of public online data can outperform conventional polling methods, and that political analysis and general forecasting would likely benefit from incorporating such data in the immediate future. Moreover, the same Twitter dataset with geographical attributes is positively correlated with results from official census data on population and internet usage in Mexico. These findings suggest that we have reached a period in time when online activity, appropriately curated, can provide an accurate representation of offline behaviour.

Existing federated classification algorithms typically assume the local annotations at every client cover the same set of classes. In this paper, we aim to lift such an assumption and focus on a more general yet practical non-IID setting where every client can work on non-identical and even disjoint sets of classes (i.e., client-exclusive classes), and the clients have a common goal which is to build a global classification model to identify the union of these classes. Such heterogeneity in client class sets poses a new challenge: how to ensure different clients are operating in the same latent space so as to avoid the drift after aggregation? We observe that the classes can be described in natural languages (i.e., class names) and these names are typically safe to share with all parties. Thus, we formulate the classification problem as a matching process between data representations and class representations and break the classification model into a data encoder and a label encoder. We leverage the natural-language class names as the common ground to anchor the class representations in the label encoder. In each iteration, the label encoder updates the class representations and regulates the data representations through matching. We further use the updated class representations at each round to annotate data samples for locally-unaware classes according to similarity and distill knowledge to local models. Extensive experiments on four real-world datasets show that the proposed method can outperform various classical and state-of-the-art federated learning methods designed for learning with non-IID data.

This is paper for the smooth function approximation by neural networks (NN). Mathematical or physical functions can be replaced by NN models through regression. In this study, we get NNs that generate highly accurate and highly smooth function, which only comprised of a few weight parameters, through discussing a few topics about regression. First, we reinterpret inside of NNs for regression; consequently, we propose a new activation function--integrated sigmoid linear unit (ISLU). Then special charateristics of metadata for regression, which is different from other data like image or sound, is discussed for improving the performance of neural networks. Finally, the one of a simple hierarchical NN that generate models substituting mathematical function is presented, and the new batch concept ``meta-batch" which improves the performance of NN several times more is introduced. The new activation function, meta-batch method, features of numerical data, meta-augmentation with metaparameters, and a structure of NN generating a compact multi-layer perceptron(MLP) are essential in this study.

The existing methods for video anomaly detection mostly utilize videos containing identifiable facial and appearance-based features. The use of videos with identifiable faces raises privacy concerns, especially when used in a hospital or community-based setting. Appearance-based features can also be sensitive to pixel-based noise, straining the anomaly detection methods to model the changes in the background and making it difficult to focus on the actions of humans in the foreground. Structural information in the form of skeletons describing the human motion in the videos is privacy-protecting and can overcome some of the problems posed by appearance-based features. In this paper, we present a survey of privacy-protecting deep learning anomaly detection methods using skeletons extracted from videos. We present a novel taxonomy of algorithms based on the various learning approaches. We conclude that skeleton-based approaches for anomaly detection can be a plausible privacy-protecting alternative for video anomaly detection. Lastly, we identify major open research questions and provide guidelines to address them.